{
  "title": "Fountain Atlas · Water Art & Experience Library",
  "compiled": "2026-10-25",
  "version": 1,
  "method": "Curated design-study database. Sources support identities, selected works and historical context. Mechanism readings and study questions are editorial analysis. Dates refer to selected phases; some are approximate or unknown. No clinical claims or current visitor logistics are included.",
  "works": [
    {
      "id": "fog-bridge",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Fog Bridge #72494",
      "byline": "Fujiko Nakaya",
      "makerIds": [
        "nakaya"
      ],
      "location": "San Francisco",
      "country": "United States",
      "regions": [
        "Americas"
      ],
      "date": "2013",
      "year": 2013,
      "categories": [
        "Fog & atmosphere",
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Mist"
      ],
      "experience": "Immersive",
      "summary": "Mist envelops the pedestrian bridge between the Exploratorium’s piers, temporarily changing visibility and the perception of the Bay.",
      "mechanism": "High-pressure water passes through a large nozzle array; air movement shapes the resulting fog.",
      "question": "How can an invisible wind become the author of a changing spatial boundary?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Exploratorium · Fog Bridge #72494",
          "url": "https://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/fog-bridge-72494"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "geometricas",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Termas Geométricas",
      "byline": "Germán del Sol and collaborators",
      "makerIds": [
        "del-sol"
      ],
      "location": "Near Coñaripe",
      "country": "Chile",
      "regions": [
        "Americas"
      ],
      "date": "2001–2004 project",
      "year": 2004,
      "categories": [
        "Thermal & wellness",
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Thermal pools",
        "Cascades"
      ],
      "experience": "Bathing",
      "summary": "A red timber walkway threads a forested ravine and distributes visitors among hot-spring pools.",
      "mechanism": "The raised route and water distribution work together while making the built intervention distinct from the ravine.",
      "question": "How can one continuous route offer both orientation and intimate bathing places?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Germán del Sol · Termas Geométricas",
          "url": "https://www.germandelsol.cl/memtg.htm"
        },
        {
          "title": "Germán del Sol · project team",
          "url": "https://www.germandelsol.cl/fichatermasgeometricas.htm"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "four-rivers",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Fountain of the Four Rivers",
      "byline": "Gian Lorenzo Bernini and workshop",
      "makerIds": [
        "bernini"
      ],
      "location": "Rome",
      "country": "Italy",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "1651",
      "year": 1651,
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Cascades"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "A sculpted rocky base and four river figures turn a civic fountain into a representation of the world. Water is part of the theatrical composition of Piazza Navona.",
      "mechanism": "Spouts and descending water animate the stone base around the figures.",
      "question": "How does the moving water continue the gesture of a static sculpture?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Turismo Roma — Fountain of the Four Rivers",
          "url": "https://www.turismoroma.it/en/places/fountain-four-rivers"
        }
      ],
      "atlasId": "04",
      "period": "Early modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "naoshima-bath",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Naoshima Bath “I♥湯”",
      "byline": "Shinro Ohtake; design and architectural cooperation by graf",
      "makerIds": [
        "ohtake"
      ],
      "location": "Naoshima",
      "country": "Japan",
      "regions": [
        "East Asia"
      ],
      "date": "2009",
      "year": 2009,
      "period": "Contemporary",
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Bathing & ritual"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Bathing",
      "summary": "A working public bath becomes an artwork through its tubs, mosaics, murals and fittings, connecting residents and visitors through bathing.",
      "mechanism": "Immersion is placed within a densely composed artistic interior, so the body encounters the work through use.",
      "question": "What changes when a sculpture can be inhabited through an ordinary shared ritual?",
      "context": "An art facility for actual bathing; the record does not identify it as a naturally fed hot spring.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Benesse Art Site Naoshima · Naoshima Bath",
          "url": "https://benesse-artsite.jp/en/art/naoshimasento.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "crown",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Crown Fountain",
      "byline": "Jaume Plensa; collaborative design and engineering team",
      "makerIds": [
        "plensa"
      ],
      "location": "Chicago",
      "country": "United States",
      "regions": [
        "Americas"
      ],
      "date": "2004",
      "year": 2004,
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Sheets",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Touch / play",
      "summary": "Two media towers, portraits of residents and a shallow water plane reinterpret the public fountain as a place of encounter.",
      "mechanism": "Water descends the towers; timed mouth spouts connect the screen portraits to the pool.",
      "question": "How can a fountain give a city’s residents a visible role in the work?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Jaume Plensa · Crown Fountain",
          "url": "https://jaumeplensa.com/works-and-projects/public-space/the-crown-fountain-2004"
        }
      ],
      "atlasId": "38",
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "kusatsu",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Kusatsu Yubatake",
      "byline": "Hot-spring town custodians and generations of craftspeople",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Kusatsu",
      "country": "Japan",
      "regions": [
        "East Asia"
      ],
      "date": "Historic system; evolving public setting",
      "year": null,
      "categories": [
        "Thermal & wellness",
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Thermal pools",
        "Cascades"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "Wooden chutes cool naturally emerging hot-spring water before it reaches the town’s bathing network.",
      "mechanism": "An exposed cooling route turns practical water handling into the town’s central landscape.",
      "question": "How can cooling and distribution infrastructure become a civic place?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Japan National Tourism Organization · Kusatsu",
          "url": "https://www.japan.travel/en/spot/1518/"
        }
      ],
      "context": "The Yubatake is a water-handling landscape, not a pool for bathing.",
      "period": "Historic / evolving"
    },
    {
      "id": "san-cristobal",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Cuadra San Cristóbal",
      "byline": "Luis Barragán",
      "makerIds": [
        "barragan"
      ],
      "location": "Atizapán, State of Mexico",
      "country": "Mexico",
      "regions": [
        "Americas"
      ],
      "date": "Late 1960s",
      "year": 1968,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Sheets",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "An equestrian landscape combines strong walls, open ground and water as a spatial composition.",
      "mechanism": "A broad outlet and a receiving pool create a deliberate contrast between falling water and stillness.",
      "question": "How do a wall’s colour and a pool’s proportions change the perceived weight of a water sheet?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Mexico Secretaría de Cultura · La Cuadra",
          "url": "https://sic.gob.mx/ficha.php?disciplina=&table=centro_cultural&table_id=3859"
        },
        {
          "title": "La Cuadra · site and photographs",
          "url": "https://lacuadrabarragan.org/"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "tirta-empul",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Tirta Empul sacred spring",
      "byline": "Balinese Hindu custodians and temple artisans",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Tampaksiring, Bali",
      "country": "Indonesia",
      "regions": [
        "South & Southeast Asia"
      ],
      "date": "10th-century origins; living tradition",
      "year": 950,
      "categories": [
        "Bathing & ritual",
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Ritual",
      "summary": "A spring-fed temple complex organizes purification practices around pools and a sequence of spouts. This is a living religious place, distinct from a spa attraction.",
      "mechanism": "Spring water is directed through outlets that structure a culturally specific sequence of use.",
      "question": "How does the order of spouts shape movement, waiting and ritual meaning?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Indonesia Ministry of Tourism · Tirta Empul",
          "url": "https://www.indonesia.travel/id/id/travel-ideas/pilgrimage/pura-tirta-empul"
        }
      ],
      "dateNote": "The 10th-century origin is approximate; present structures and practices have later layers.",
      "period": "Ancient & medieval"
    },
    {
      "id": "rain-room",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Rain Room",
      "byline": "Random International",
      "makerIds": [
        "random"
      ],
      "location": "First presented in London; subsequent venues",
      "country": "International",
      "regions": [
        "Europe",
        "Americas",
        "East Asia",
        "West Asia",
        "Oceania"
      ],
      "date": "2012",
      "year": 2012,
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Fog & atmosphere"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Rain"
      ],
      "experience": "Immersive",
      "summary": "An indoor field of falling water responds to visitors, interrupting the rain around their presence.",
      "mechanism": "Tracking cameras, valves and custom software coordinate the water field.",
      "question": "How should sensing, response time and drainage work together around a moving person?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Random International · Rain Room",
          "url": "https://www.random-international.com/rain-room"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "vals",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Therme Vals / 7132 Thermal Baths",
      "byline": "Peter Zumthor",
      "makerIds": [
        "zumthor"
      ],
      "location": "Vals",
      "country": "Switzerland",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "1996",
      "year": 1996,
      "categories": [
        "Thermal & wellness"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Thermal pools",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Bathing",
      "summary": "Quartzite architecture frames a series of bathing spaces supplied by the local thermal spring.",
      "mechanism": "Water, enclosed rooms, stone and light form a spatial sequence around immersion.",
      "question": "How can changes in enclosure and light distinguish pools without relying on spectacle?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "7132 · Thermal baths and architecture",
          "url": "https://7132.com/en"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "heritage",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Heritage",
      "byline": "Cai Guo-Qiang",
      "makerIds": [
        "cai"
      ],
      "location": "Brisbane; QAGOMA commission",
      "country": "Australia",
      "regions": [
        "Oceania"
      ],
      "date": "2013",
      "year": 2013,
      "period": "Contemporary",
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "Life-sized imitation animals gather around a gallery waterhole. A quiet water surface becomes the centre of an imagined shared habitat.",
      "mechanism": "Occasional overhead drips introduce small ripples into an otherwise still pool.",
      "question": "How can a tiny water disturbance alter the reading of a very large sculptural scene?",
      "context": "A gallery installation with replica animals, not a natural waterhole or a bathing environment.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "QAGOMA · Commissioning Heritage",
          "url": "https://www.qagoma.qld.gov.au/stories/commissioning-heritage-an-installation-by-cai-guo-qiang/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "shalamar",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Shalamar Gardens",
      "byline": "Mughal court design teams under Shah Jahan",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Lahore",
      "country": "Pakistan",
      "regions": [
        "South & Southeast Asia"
      ],
      "date": "1641–1642",
      "year": 1642,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Cascades",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "A Mughal terraced garden combines pools, fountains and changes of level within an ordered landscape.",
      "mechanism": "Water links terraces and changes character between still basins, jets and descending edges.",
      "question": "Where should water become still, and where should it announce a change in level?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "UNESCO World Heritage — Lahore Fort and Shalamar Gardens",
          "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/171"
        }
      ],
      "atlasId": "25",
      "period": "Early modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "bishan",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Bishan–Ang Mo Kio Park",
      "byline": "Atelier Dreiseitl; public agencies and engineering collaborators",
      "makerIds": [
        "dreiseitl"
      ],
      "location": "Singapore",
      "country": "Singapore",
      "regions": [
        "South & Southeast Asia"
      ],
      "date": "2012 revitalization",
      "year": 2012,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Rivers",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Landscape access",
      "summary": "A concrete drainage channel was transformed into a naturalized river within a public park. This is a river landscape, not a recirculating fountain.",
      "mechanism": "River space and park space are planned together to accommodate changing water conditions.",
      "question": "How can a design make room for both everyday recreation and a larger water event?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "DREISEITLconsulting · Bishan–Ang Mo Kio Park",
          "url": "https://www.dreiseitlconsulting.com/bishan-ang-mo-kio-park"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ginzan",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Ginzan Onsen Hot Spring Bath House",
      "byline": "Kengo Kuma & Associates; Hiroshi Nakamura, project team",
      "makerIds": [
        "kuma"
      ],
      "location": "Yamagata",
      "country": "Japan",
      "regions": [
        "East Asia"
      ],
      "date": "2001",
      "year": 2001,
      "categories": [
        "Thermal & wellness",
        "Bathing & ritual"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Thermal pools",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Bathing",
      "summary": "A small communal bathhouse occupies a triangular site at the edge of a historic hot-spring town.",
      "mechanism": "Timber and translucent screens filter light into the bathing setting.",
      "question": "How can a compact bathhouse balance public access, privacy and diffuse daylight?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Kengo Kuma & Associates · Ginzan bathhouse",
          "url": "https://kkaa.co.jp/en/project/ginzan-onsen-hot-spring-bath-house/"
        }
      ],
      "dateNote": "This is the 2001 communal bathhouse, distinct from the studio’s 2007 Fujiya inn project.",
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "villa-deste",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Villa d’Este water gardens",
      "byline": "Pirro Ligorio; a network of fountain makers and engineers",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Tivoli",
      "country": "Italy",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "16th century; later interventions",
      "year": 1570,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Cascades",
        "Sheets"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "Terraces, channels and elaborate fountains make water a continuous narrative across a Renaissance hillside garden.",
      "mechanism": "Changes in elevation connect basins, spouts and cascades within the garden sequence.",
      "question": "How can one slope produce many distinct water experiences?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "VisitLazio — Villa d’Este",
          "url": "https://www.visitlazio.com/en/the-unesco-heritage-of-villa-deste-in-tivoli/"
        }
      ],
      "atlasId": "05",
      "dateNote": "1570 is a sorting reference for the principal Renaissance phase, not a completion date for every fountain.",
      "period": "Early modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "descension",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Descension",
      "byline": "Anish Kapoor",
      "makerIds": [
        "kapoor"
      ],
      "location": "Brooklyn, New York; selected presentation",
      "country": "United States",
      "regions": [
        "Americas"
      ],
      "date": "2017 Brooklyn presentation",
      "year": 2017,
      "period": "Contemporary",
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Vortex"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "A large, continuously swirling water mass converges in a central vortex, giving water the appearance of disappearing into the ground.",
      "mechanism": "Sustained circular motion produces a visible downward funnel within the liquid surface.",
      "question": "How can a water surface suggest depth, absence and instability?",
      "dateNote": "This record refers to the temporary Public Art Fund presentation in Brooklyn in 2017, not the first version or a permanent installation.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Public Art Fund · Anish Kapoor: Descension",
          "url": "https://www.publicartfund.org/exhibitions/view/anish-kapoor-descension/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "court-lions",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Court of the Lions",
      "byline": "Nasrid court artisans; commissioned under Muhammad V",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Granada",
      "country": "Spain",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "14th century",
      "year": 1380,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "Twelve marble lions carry a central basin. Four water channels extend the fountain’s geometry into the palace courtyard.",
      "mechanism": "A restrained central water surface and distributed spouts organize the surrounding space.",
      "question": "How little water is needed to give a courtyard a strong centre?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Patronato de la Alhambra — Court of the Lions",
          "url": "https://www.alhambra-patronato.es/en/edificios-lugares/the-court-of-the-lions"
        }
      ],
      "atlasId": "01",
      "dateNote": "The date describes the Nasrid court, with subsequent conservation and hydraulic restoration.",
      "period": "Ancient & medieval"
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-garden",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Fin Garden waterworks",
      "byline": "Persian garden makers across several dynastic phases",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Kashan",
      "country": "Iran",
      "regions": [
        "West Asia"
      ],
      "date": "Safavid core; later additions",
      "year": 1590,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "Channels, pools, planting and pavilions integrate ornamental water with the ordering of a Persian garden.",
      "mechanism": "A garden water network joins irrigation and ornament rather than treating the fountain as an isolated object.",
      "question": "How can an irrigation route also become the main spatial diagram?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "UNESCO — Persian Garden nomination dossier",
          "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1372.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "atlasId": "14",
      "dateNote": "1590 is an approximate sorting anchor for the Safavid phase. The garden has multiple historical layers.",
      "period": "Early modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "sigiriya",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Sigiriya water gardens",
      "byline": "Ancient Sri Lankan royal engineers and garden makers",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Sigiriya",
      "country": "Sri Lanka",
      "regions": [
        "South & Southeast Asia"
      ],
      "date": "5th century CE",
      "year": 480,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "The palace landscape includes water gardens, pools and fountain infrastructure at the foot of the rock fortress.",
      "mechanism": "The garden combines stored water, channels and pressure-driven outlets with a highly ordered plan.",
      "question": "What can the relationship between storage, ground level and outlet level reveal about a historic jet?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Sri Lanka Central Cultural Fund — Sigiriya",
          "url": "https://ccf.gov.lk/heritage-sites/sigiriya-rock-fortress/"
        }
      ],
      "atlasId": "24",
      "dateNote": "480 is an approximate sorting anchor for the principal royal phase.",
      "period": "Ancient & medieval"
    },
    {
      "id": "kenrokuen",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Kenrokuen fountain",
      "byline": "Garden makers of the Kaga domain",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Kanazawa",
      "country": "Japan",
      "regions": [
        "East Asia"
      ],
      "date": "1861",
      "year": 1861,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "A fountain is embedded in a strolling garden of ponds, bridges, trees and changing views.",
      "mechanism": "Water-level difference is the key to studying the fountain’s naturally supplied pressure.",
      "question": "How can a garden’s upper pond become the energy source for a lower fountain?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Japan National Tourism Organization — Kenrokuen Garden",
          "url": "https://www.japan.travel/en/spot/1399/"
        }
      ],
      "atlasId": "30",
      "period": "Early modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "tusha-hiti",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Tusha Hiti",
      "byline": "Newar stone and metal artisans; Malla royal patronage",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Patan",
      "country": "Nepal",
      "regions": [
        "South & Southeast Asia"
      ],
      "date": "1647",
      "year": 1647,
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Bathing & ritual"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Ritual",
      "summary": "An elaborately carved sunken water court turns the point of water delivery into an intimate architectural and sculptural setting.",
      "mechanism": "A concentrated spout and a lowered receiving space focus attention on the arrival of water.",
      "question": "How does descending toward a water source change the scale of the experience?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Patan Museum — Tusha Hiti step-well",
          "url": "https://patanmuseum.gov.np/ne/content/64/2026/61296921/"
        }
      ],
      "atlasId": "29",
      "period": "Early modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "majorelle",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Jardin Majorelle",
      "byline": "Jacques Majorelle; subsequent custodians and garden teams",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Marrakech",
      "country": "Morocco",
      "regions": [
        "Africa"
      ],
      "date": "1920s–1930s origins; later restoration",
      "year": 1930,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Still water",
        "Jets"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "Pools and fountains work with planting and strong architectural colour in an artist’s garden.",
      "mechanism": "Water provides reflection, contrast and pauses along planted routes.",
      "question": "How can colour and planting intensify the presence of a small water surface?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Fondation Jardin Majorelle — Official garden leaflet",
          "url": "https://www.jardinmajorelle.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Depliant-jm-ar_web.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "atlasId": "22",
      "dateNote": "1930 is an approximate reference for the garden’s early development.",
      "period": "Modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "expo70",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Expo ’70 fountains",
      "byline": "Isamu Noguchi with Shoji Sadao",
      "makerIds": [
        "noguchi"
      ],
      "location": "Osaka",
      "country": "Japan",
      "regions": [
        "East Asia"
      ],
      "date": "1970",
      "year": 1970,
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Cascades"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "Geometric sculptural forms and moving water were developed together for Osaka’s world exposition.",
      "mechanism": "Fountain structures make the delivery and fall of water part of their sculptural identity.",
      "question": "When is the visible support part of the water sculpture, rather than something to hide?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Barbican · Noguchi exhibition guide",
          "url": "https://www.barbican.org.uk/s/noguchiguide"
        }
      ],
      "dateNote": "A historical Expo project; this record does not imply that the surviving structures still operate.",
      "period": "Modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "stravinsky",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Stravinsky Fountain",
      "byline": "Niki de Saint Phalle and Jean Tinguely",
      "makerIds": [
        "niki",
        "tinguely"
      ],
      "location": "Paris",
      "country": "France",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "1983",
      "year": 1983,
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "Colourful figures and mechanical sculptures animate a shallow public basin in a collaboration inspired by Stravinsky.",
      "mechanism": "Motorized sculptures combine physical movement with spouts and water sounds.",
      "question": "How can an emitter move as part of the sculpture’s choreography?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Centre Pompidou · Stravinsky Fountain",
          "url": "https://www.centrepompidou.fr/fr/pompidou-plus/magazine/article/secrets-darchi-la-place-igor-stravinsky-et-sa-fontaine"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "charybdis",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Charybdis",
      "byline": "William Pye",
      "makerIds": [
        "pye"
      ],
      "location": "Seaham",
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "2000",
      "year": 2000,
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Vortex"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "A transparent acrylic cylinder reveals an air-core vortex, allowing visitors to read a moving form within the water.",
      "mechanism": "Circular water motion forms a central air core; transparency makes the process visible.",
      "question": "How do containment, filtration and viewing height affect the legibility of a vortex?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "William Pye · Charybdis",
          "url": "https://williampye.com/works/charybdis/"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "waterfall-versailles",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Waterfall, Versailles",
      "byline": "Olafur Eliasson",
      "makerIds": [
        "eliasson"
      ],
      "location": "Versailles",
      "country": "France",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "2016",
      "year": 2016,
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Cascades"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "A temporary waterfall on the Grand Canal’s axis exposed the tower, pipes and pumps that made the spectacle possible.",
      "mechanism": "Water is pumped to an elevated platform and falls into the canal; infrastructure remains visible.",
      "question": "What changes when the machinery of a seemingly natural event is deliberately exposed?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Studio Olafur Eliasson · Waterfall",
          "url": "https://olafureliasson.net/artwork/waterfall-2016/"
        }
      ],
      "dateNote": "Temporary installation in 2016, not a current permanent attraction.",
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "appearing-rooms",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Appearing Rooms",
      "byline": "Jeppe Hein",
      "makerIds": [
        "hein"
      ],
      "location": "Multiple installations; first shown in Italy",
      "country": "International",
      "regions": [
        "Europe",
        "Oceania",
        "Americas"
      ],
      "date": "2004 work; later installations",
      "year": 2004,
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Sheets"
      ],
      "experience": "Touch / play",
      "summary": "Programmed water walls repeatedly reconfigure an enclosure, placing visitors inside changing rooms.",
      "mechanism": "Independently controlled jet walls raise and lower boundaries in timed sequences.",
      "question": "How does a timed boundary change the relationship between enclosure and freedom of movement?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Jeppe Hein · Appearing Rooms",
          "url": "https://jeppehein.net/project_id.php?id=127&path=works"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "keller",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Ira Keller Forecourt Fountain",
      "byline": "Lawrence Halprin & Associates; Angela Danadjieva, project designer",
      "makerIds": [
        "halprin",
        "danadjieva"
      ],
      "location": "Portland, Oregon",
      "country": "United States",
      "regions": [
        "Americas"
      ],
      "date": "1970",
      "year": 1970,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Cascades",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Touch / play",
      "summary": "An urban waterfall abstracts a mountain landscape through large concrete terraces and carefully choreographed routes.",
      "mechanism": "Changes in level create strong falls, pools and edges that shape movement through the plaza.",
      "question": "Can a fountain become a walkable landscape rather than an object in a plaza?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "The Cultural Landscape Foundation · Ira Keller",
          "url": "https://www.tclf.org/sites/default/files/microsites/halprinlegacy/ira-keller-forecourt-fountain.html"
        }
      ],
      "context": "The project belongs to a contested urban-renewal history; study the social context alongside its formal achievement.",
      "period": "Modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "burle-site",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Sítio Roberto Burle Marx",
      "byline": "Roberto Burle Marx and collaborators",
      "makerIds": [
        "burle-marx"
      ],
      "location": "Rio de Janeiro",
      "country": "Brazil",
      "regions": [
        "Americas"
      ],
      "date": "Developed from 1949",
      "year": 1949,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "An experimental garden and botanical collection brings planting, art, architecture and water into a modern tropical landscape.",
      "mechanism": "Water surfaces sit within a larger composition of vegetation, paths and built elements.",
      "question": "How can a reflective water surface make botanical composition legible?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "IPHAN · Sítio Roberto Burle Marx",
          "url": "https://www.gov.br/iphan/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/sitio-roberto-burle-marx-recebe-titulo-de-patrimonio-mundial-da-unesco"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "jewel",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Jewel Rain Vortex",
      "byline": "WET; Safdie Architects and project collaborators",
      "makerIds": [
        "wet"
      ],
      "location": "Changi Airport",
      "country": "Singapore",
      "regions": [
        "South & Southeast Asia"
      ],
      "date": "2019",
      "year": 2019,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Cascades"
      ],
      "experience": "Viewing",
      "summary": "A roof oculus and a recirculating waterfall become the centre of a large interior garden.",
      "mechanism": "Water is directed through the oculus and collected below, linking the building section to its return system.",
      "question": "How can the receiving space and the roof opening belong to one architectural idea?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "WET · Jewel Rain Vortex",
          "url": "https://prod.wetdesign.com/creations/jewel-rain-vortex-at-changi-airport"
        }
      ],
      "atlasId": "33",
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "blur",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Blur Building",
      "byline": "Diller + Scofidio; multidisciplinary collaborators",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Yverdon-les-Bains",
      "country": "Switzerland",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "2002",
      "year": 2002,
      "categories": [
        "Fog & atmosphere",
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Mist"
      ],
      "experience": "Immersive",
      "summary": "An exposition pavilion used fog to make a building whose boundaries were deliberately indistinct.",
      "mechanism": "A fog system and meteorological input made atmosphere part of the building’s material expression.",
      "question": "What happens to orientation and enclosure when the façade is a changing cloud?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Diller Scofidio + Renfro · Blur Building",
          "url": "https://dsrny.com/project/blur-building"
        }
      ],
      "dateNote": "Temporary pavilion for Swiss Expo 2002; not a current building to visit.",
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "diana",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Diana Memorial Fountain",
      "byline": "Gustafson Porter + Bowman; Arup and collaborators",
      "makerIds": [
        "gustafson"
      ],
      "location": "London",
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "2004",
      "year": 2004,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Cascades",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Touch / play",
      "summary": "Water travels in two directions around a granite memorial before meeting in a calm lower pool.",
      "mechanism": "Different channel surfaces and level changes produce contrasting flow textures along the circuit.",
      "question": "How can one continuous channel carry several emotional and sensory qualities?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "The Royal Parks · Diana Memorial Fountain",
          "url": "https://www.royalparks.org.uk/visit/parks/hyde-park/diana-memorial-fountain"
        },
        {
          "title": "Gustafson Porter + Bowman · project credits",
          "url": "https://www.gp-b.com/s/Diana_A4_PORTRAIT.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "bordeaux",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Miroir d’eau",
      "byline": "Michel Corajoud’s quays project; fountain and architecture collaborators",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Bordeaux",
      "country": "France",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "2006",
      "year": 2006,
      "categories": [
        "Play & public space",
        "Fog & atmosphere"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Still water",
        "Mist"
      ],
      "experience": "Touch / play",
      "summary": "A public water plane alternates reflection and mist, transforming the reading of the historic façades across the square.",
      "mechanism": "An underground reservoir supports different surface-water and fog sequences.",
      "question": "How can one paved surface alternate between image, atmosphere and shared public space?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Bordeaux Tourism & Conventions · Water Mirror",
          "url": "https://www.bordeaux-tourism.co.uk/parcours/accessible-route-quays-bordeaux.html"
        }
      ],
      "attributionNote": "The official tourism page names Jean-Marc Lorca. Other published credits use Jean-Max Llorca and Pierre Gangnet; consult project documentation before assigning detailed authorship.",
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "granary",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Granary Square fountains",
      "byline": "Townshend Landscape Architects; The Fountain Workshop; Speirs + Major",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "London",
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "Contemporary square",
      "year": null,
      "categories": [
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Mist"
      ],
      "experience": "Touch / play",
      "summary": "Individually controlled and illuminated jets make a large public square into a changing field of play.",
      "mechanism": "A distributed floor-level array supports programmed patterns and different intensities.",
      "question": "How do dry routes, spectators and wet play coexist around a dense jet field?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "King’s Cross · Granary Square",
          "url": "https://www.kingscross.co.uk/granary-square"
        },
        {
          "title": "King’s Cross · fountain operation and credits",
          "url": "https://www.kingscross.co.uk/fountains-granary-square"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "takegawara",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Takegawara Onsen",
      "byline": "Beppu municipal bathing culture and building teams",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Beppu",
      "country": "Japan",
      "regions": [
        "East Asia"
      ],
      "date": "Founded 1879; present building 1938",
      "year": 1938,
      "categories": [
        "Thermal & wellness",
        "Bathing & ritual"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Thermal pools"
      ],
      "experience": "Bathing",
      "summary": "A historic public bathhouse combines hot-spring bathing with a distinctive sand-bathing tradition.",
      "mechanism": "Architecture provides a transition between bathing, warm sand and a high-ceilinged resting space.",
      "question": "How does the space after bathing belong to the water experience?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Beppu tourism association · Takegawara",
          "url": "https://beppu-tourism.com/onsen/takegawara-onsen/"
        }
      ],
      "dateNote": "Sorting uses the present building’s 1938 date, not the bath’s 1879 founding.",
      "period": "Modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "tamina",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Tamina Therme",
      "byline": "Smolenicky & Partner; construction and spa collaborators",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Bad Ragaz",
      "country": "Switzerland",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "2009 building",
      "year": 2009,
      "categories": [
        "Thermal & wellness"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Thermal pools",
        "Jets",
        "Cascades"
      ],
      "experience": "Bathing",
      "summary": "A bright timber bath pavilion contains a varied thermal-water environment, including current and jet experiences.",
      "mechanism": "Pools, bubble loungers, massage jets and a current channel offer distinct types of water contact.",
      "question": "How should active water features be separated from quieter immersion spaces?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "HRS · Tamina Therme construction and credits",
          "url": "https://www.hrs.ch/en/projects/tamina-thermal-spa"
        },
        {
          "title": "Tamina Therme · water-world features",
          "url": "https://www.taminatherme.ch/en/node/39"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "blue-lagoon",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Blue Lagoon",
      "byline": "Blue Lagoon development and design teams",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Reykjanes Peninsula",
      "country": "Iceland",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "Lagoon formed 1976; present site 1999",
      "year": 1999,
      "categories": [
        "Thermal & wellness",
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Thermal pools"
      ],
      "experience": "Bathing",
      "summary": "A geothermal-water landscape developed alongside the Svartsengi energy system and later became a purpose-built bathing destination.",
      "mechanism": "Geothermal water, mineral deposition and constructed pools shape a hybrid industrial and bathing landscape.",
      "question": "How does a designed pool make its relationship with an energy landscape visible?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Blue Lagoon company · history",
          "url": "https://www.blaalonidhf.is/en/about-us/our-story"
        }
      ],
      "dateNote": "1999 identifies the move to the present bathing site. This is not an untouched natural lake.",
      "period": "Modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "peninsula",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Peninsula Hot Springs",
      "byline": "Charles and Richard Davidson; evolving design and operations teams",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Mornington Peninsula",
      "country": "Australia",
      "regions": [
        "Oceania"
      ],
      "date": "2005 opening; subsequent expansions",
      "year": 2005,
      "categories": [
        "Thermal & wellness",
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Thermal pools"
      ],
      "experience": "Bathing",
      "summary": "A multi-pool bathing landscape grew from the founders’ interest in Japanese hot-spring culture and Australian geothermal water.",
      "mechanism": "Pools and paths distribute bathing across a larger outdoor setting rather than concentrating it in one hall.",
      "question": "How can a bathing route make room for different group sizes and degrees of retreat?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Peninsula Hot Springs · development timeline",
          "url": "https://www.peninsulahotsprings.com/20-years-of-peninsula-hot-springs"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "roman-baths",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Roman Baths and Sacred Spring",
      "byline": "Roman engineers and earlier local religious traditions",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Bath",
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "Roman period; successive building phases",
      "year": 150,
      "categories": [
        "Bathing & ritual",
        "Thermal & wellness"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Thermal pools",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Heritage study",
      "summary": "A sacred spring, temple precinct and bathing complex made naturally hot water the centre of civic and religious life.",
      "mechanism": "A spring reservoir, distribution and drainage connect the water source to the baths.",
      "question": "How can supply, worship and bathing occupy one connected water system?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Roman Baths museum · Sacred Spring",
          "url": "https://www.romanbaths.co.uk/roman-sacred-spring-0"
        }
      ],
      "dateNote": "150 CE is an approximate sorting anchor for Roman development, not the first use of the spring.",
      "context": "An archaeological monument for study, not a current bathing facility.",
      "period": "Ancient & medieval"
    },
    {
      "id": "cemberlitas",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Çemberlitaş Hamamı",
      "byline": "Attributed to Mimar Sinan; endowed by Nurbanu Sultan",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Istanbul",
      "country": "Türkiye",
      "regions": [
        "Europe",
        "West Asia"
      ],
      "date": "1584",
      "year": 1584,
      "categories": [
        "Bathing & ritual",
        "Thermal & wellness"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Bathing",
      "summary": "An Ottoman double hamam organizes communal bathing through adjacent sections, warm marble and water basins.",
      "mechanism": "Distributed basins support a bathing ritual within an architectural sequence; this is a heated bath, not a natural hot spring.",
      "question": "How do threshold, heat, light and water basins structure a shared bathing space?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Çemberlitaş Hamamı · history and attribution",
          "url": "https://www.cemberlitashamami.com/en/history/"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Early modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "rnoh",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Hydrotherapy at RNOH",
      "byline": "Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital clinical team",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Stanmore, London",
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "date": "Contemporary clinical practice",
      "year": null,
      "categories": [
        "Clinical hydrotherapy"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Clinical",
      "summary": "A hospital service uses the medium of water within physiotherapy. This entry studies a clinical setting rather than a recreational spa.",
      "mechanism": "The clinical programme determines how the water environment is used; fountain spectacle is not the design objective.",
      "question": "What access, staff supervision and movement space must be resolved before adding sensory features?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital · physiotherapy",
          "url": "https://www.rnoh.nhs.uk/services/spinal-cord-injury-centre/physiotherapy-patients"
        }
      ],
      "context": "Design reference only. No treatment plan, clinical efficacy claim or operating specification is provided.",
      "period": "Contemporary"
    },
    {
      "id": "witpoortjie",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Witpoortjie Falls landscape",
      "byline": "SANBI and generations of botanical-garden stewardship",
      "makerIds": [],
      "location": "Roodepoort, Gauteng",
      "country": "South Africa",
      "regions": [
        "Africa"
      ],
      "date": "Garden founded 1982; natural falls predate it",
      "year": 1982,
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Cascades",
        "Rivers"
      ],
      "experience": "Landscape access",
      "summary": "A natural waterfall forms the centrepiece and backdrop of the Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden.",
      "mechanism": "Paths, planting and visitor infrastructure frame an existing landform rather than manufacture the waterfall.",
      "question": "How can a designed landscape support a powerful natural water feature while leaving its identity intact?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "SANBI · Walter Sisulu garden history",
          "url": "https://www.sanbi.org/gardens/walter-sisulu/history/"
        }
      ],
      "context": "Natural waterfall in a managed landscape, not an artist-made fountain.",
      "period": "Modern"
    },
    {
      "id": "koi-people",
      "kind": "work",
      "name": "Drawing on the Water Surface… – Infinity",
      "byline": "teamLab",
      "makerIds": [
        "teamlab"
      ],
      "location": "Tokyo; selected Planets presentation",
      "country": "Japan",
      "regions": [
        "East Asia"
      ],
      "date": "Contemporary; selected Planets presentation",
      "year": null,
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Still water"
      ],
      "experience": "Immersive",
      "summary": "Digital koi imagery responds to people within a real water-based installation. The projected fish are imagery, not physical water jets.",
      "mechanism": "Water, light and interactive computation combine to make bodily presence part of the work.",
      "question": "Which aspects of the experience come from actual water, and which come from projected behaviour?",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "teamLab · artwork documentation",
          "url": "https://www.teamlab.art/jp/w/koi_and_people/"
        },
        {
          "title": "teamLab Planets · water-area access information",
          "url": "https://teamlabplanet.org/en/help"
        }
      ],
      "period": "Contemporary"
    }
  ],
  "people": [
    {
      "id": "bernini",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Gian Lorenzo Bernini",
      "role": "Sculptor & architect",
      "byline": "Italy · Baroque",
      "association": "Italy · Baroque",
      "summary": "His Four Rivers fountain brings sculpture, symbolic geography and moving water into a single civic composition.",
      "question": "How can water bind several sculptural figures into one composition?",
      "workIds": [
        "four-rivers"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Turismo Roma — Fountain of the Four Rivers",
          "url": "https://www.turismoroma.it/en/places/fountain-four-rivers"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Early modern"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Cascades"
      ],
      "year": 1651,
      "date": "Selected water works · 1651",
      "location": "Italy · Baroque",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "noguchi",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Isamu Noguchi",
      "role": "Artist & landscape experimenter",
      "byline": "Japan / United States",
      "association": "Japan / United States",
      "summary": "The Expo ’70 fountains developed with Shoji Sadao treat water and geometric sculptural structures as a combined medium.",
      "question": "How can geometry make the motion of water more surprising?",
      "workIds": [
        "expo70"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "East Asia",
        "Americas"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Barbican · Noguchi exhibition guide",
          "url": "https://www.barbican.org.uk/s/noguchiguide"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Modern"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Cascades"
      ],
      "year": 1970,
      "date": "Selected water works · 1970",
      "location": "Japan / United States",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "tinguely",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Jean Tinguely",
      "role": "Kinetic sculptor",
      "byline": "Switzerland · work in France and beyond",
      "association": "Switzerland · work in France and beyond",
      "summary": "Mechanical movement, sound and water meet in the Stravinsky Fountain collaboration with Niki de Saint Phalle.",
      "question": "What can a moving emitter do that a fixed one cannot?",
      "workIds": [
        "stravinsky"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Centre Pompidou · Stravinsky Fountain",
          "url": "https://www.centrepompidou.fr/fr/pompidou-plus/magazine/article/secrets-darchi-la-place-igor-stravinsky-et-sa-fontaine"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Modern"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets"
      ],
      "year": 1983,
      "date": "Selected water works · 1983",
      "location": "Switzerland · work in France and beyond",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "niki",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Niki de Saint Phalle",
      "role": "Sculptor",
      "byline": "France / United States · international practice",
      "association": "France / United States · international practice",
      "summary": "Her colourful figures share the Stravinsky Fountain with Tinguely’s mechanical sculptures, combining water, movement and public delight.",
      "question": "How can a water outlet become a character?",
      "workIds": [
        "stravinsky"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Europe",
        "Americas"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Centre Pompidou · Stravinsky Fountain",
          "url": "https://www.centrepompidou.fr/fr/pompidou-plus/magazine/article/secrets-darchi-la-place-igor-stravinsky-et-sa-fontaine"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Modern"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets"
      ],
      "year": 1983,
      "date": "Selected water works · 1983",
      "location": "France / United States · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "pye",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "William Pye",
      "role": "Water sculptor",
      "byline": "United Kingdom · international practice",
      "association": "United Kingdom · international practice",
      "summary": "Charybdis makes an air-core vortex visible within a transparent vessel, exploring the boundary between containment and fluid motion.",
      "question": "When does the water itself become the sculpture?",
      "workIds": [
        "charybdis"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "William Pye · Charybdis",
          "url": "https://williampye.com/works/charybdis/"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Vortex"
      ],
      "year": 2000,
      "date": "Selected water works · 2000",
      "location": "United Kingdom · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "eliasson",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Olafur Eliasson",
      "role": "Artist",
      "byline": "Denmark / Iceland · international practice",
      "association": "Denmark / Iceland · international practice",
      "summary": "His Versailles Waterfall uses water, infrastructure and the garden’s axis to investigate constructed nature and perception.",
      "question": "What does the water reveal about wind, light and its own machinery?",
      "workIds": [
        "waterfall-versailles"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Studio Olafur Eliasson · Waterfall",
          "url": "https://olafureliasson.net/artwork/waterfall-2016/"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Cascades"
      ],
      "year": 2016,
      "date": "Selected water works · 2016",
      "location": "Denmark / Iceland · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "hein",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Jeppe Hein",
      "role": "Artist",
      "byline": "Denmark · international practice",
      "association": "Denmark · international practice",
      "summary": "Appearing Rooms uses timed water walls as changeable architecture experienced through the visitor’s body.",
      "question": "Can the timing of water define an architectural plan?",
      "workIds": [
        "appearing-rooms"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Europe",
        "Oceania",
        "Americas"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Jeppe Hein · Appearing Rooms",
          "url": "https://jeppehein.net/project_id.php?id=127&path=works"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Sheets"
      ],
      "year": 2004,
      "date": "Selected water works · 2004 work; later installations",
      "location": "Denmark · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "nakaya",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Fujiko Nakaya",
      "role": "Artist",
      "byline": "Japan · international practice",
      "association": "Japan · international practice",
      "summary": "Fog Bridge is one of her atmospheric sculptures: water droplets and weather make a spatial boundary that never stays still.",
      "question": "How much of a water work should be authored by its environment?",
      "workIds": [
        "fog-bridge"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "East Asia",
        "Americas"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Exploratorium · Fog Bridge #72494",
          "url": "https://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/fog-bridge-72494"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Fog & atmosphere",
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Mist"
      ],
      "year": 2013,
      "date": "Selected water works · 2013",
      "location": "Japan · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "plensa",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Jaume Plensa",
      "role": "Sculptor",
      "byline": "Spain · international practice",
      "association": "Spain · international practice",
      "summary": "Crown Fountain combines portraiture, water and a public meeting place, developed through a large collaborative project team.",
      "question": "How can a fountain become a portrait of a community?",
      "workIds": [
        "crown"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Europe",
        "Americas"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Jaume Plensa · Crown Fountain",
          "url": "https://jaumeplensa.com/works-and-projects/public-space/the-crown-fountain-2004"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Jets",
        "Sheets",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "year": 2004,
      "date": "Selected water works · 2004",
      "location": "Spain · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "random",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Random International",
      "role": "Art collective",
      "byline": "United Kingdom · international practice",
      "association": "United Kingdom · international practice",
      "summary": "Rain Room brings human tracking and controlled rain into a shared environment, making sensing part of the water experience.",
      "question": "How can a water installation respond without making its control system the main subject?",
      "workIds": [
        "rain-room"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Europe",
        "Americas",
        "East Asia",
        "West Asia",
        "Oceania"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Random International · Rain Room",
          "url": "https://www.random-international.com/rain-room"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Fog & atmosphere"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Rain"
      ],
      "year": 2012,
      "date": "Selected water works · 2012",
      "location": "United Kingdom · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "barragan",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Luis Barragán",
      "role": "Architect",
      "byline": "Mexico",
      "association": "Mexico",
      "summary": "The water composition at Cuadra San Cristóbal works with walls, open ground and an equestrian landscape.",
      "question": "How do wall, colour, reflection and falling water create a spatial atmosphere?",
      "workIds": [
        "san-cristobal"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Americas"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Mexico Secretaría de Cultura · La Cuadra",
          "url": "https://sic.gob.mx/ficha.php?disciplina=&table=centro_cultural&table_id=3859"
        },
        {
          "title": "La Cuadra · site and photographs",
          "url": "https://lacuadrabarragan.org/"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Modern"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Sheets",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "year": 1968,
      "date": "Selected water works · Late 1960s",
      "location": "Mexico",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "halprin",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Lawrence Halprin",
      "role": "Landscape architect",
      "byline": "United States",
      "association": "United States",
      "summary": "The Portland fountain sequence treats water landscapes as settings for human movement; the Keller project was developed with Angela Danadjieva and a wider team.",
      "question": "What can the choreography of people teach the choreography of water?",
      "workIds": [
        "keller"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Americas"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "The Cultural Landscape Foundation · Ira Keller",
          "url": "https://www.tclf.org/sites/default/files/microsites/halprinlegacy/ira-keller-forecourt-fountain.html"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Modern"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Cascades",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "year": 1970,
      "date": "Selected water works · 1970",
      "location": "United States",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "danadjieva",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Angela Danadjieva",
      "role": "Architect & landscape designer",
      "byline": "Bulgaria / United States",
      "association": "Bulgaria / United States",
      "summary": "As project designer for the Keller Forecourt Fountain within Halprin’s practice, she helped shape its powerful urban waterfall landscape.",
      "question": "How can a change in ground level become a social space?",
      "workIds": [
        "keller"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Europe",
        "Americas"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "The Cultural Landscape Foundation · Ira Keller",
          "url": "https://www.tclf.org/sites/default/files/microsites/halprinlegacy/ira-keller-forecourt-fountain.html"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Modern"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Cascades",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "year": 1970,
      "date": "Selected water works · 1970",
      "location": "Bulgaria / United States",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "burle-marx",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Roberto Burle Marx",
      "role": "Artist & landscape architect",
      "byline": "Brazil",
      "association": "Brazil",
      "summary": "His Sítio developed as a botanical and artistic laboratory, combining planting, architecture, art and water within a tropical landscape.",
      "question": "How can water clarify the composition of living plants?",
      "workIds": [
        "burle-site"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Americas"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "IPHAN · Sítio Roberto Burle Marx",
          "url": "https://www.gov.br/iphan/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/sitio-roberto-burle-marx-recebe-titulo-de-patrimonio-mundial-da-unesco"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Modern"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Still water"
      ],
      "year": 1949,
      "date": "Selected water works · Developed from 1949",
      "location": "Brazil",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "dreiseitl",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Herbert Dreiseitl / Atelier Dreiseitl",
      "role": "Water artist & landscape practice",
      "byline": "Germany · international practice",
      "association": "Germany · international practice",
      "summary": "The Bishan park revitalization links water-sensitive landscape design, river engineering and public space through a collaborative project.",
      "question": "How can technical water infrastructure also create an everyday civic landscape?",
      "workIds": [
        "bishan"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Europe",
        "South & Southeast Asia"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "DREISEITLconsulting · Bishan–Ang Mo Kio Park",
          "url": "https://www.dreiseitlconsulting.com/bishan-ang-mo-kio-park"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Rivers",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "year": 2012,
      "date": "Selected water works · 2012 revitalization",
      "location": "Germany · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "gustafson",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Kathryn Gustafson / Gustafson Porter + Bowman",
      "role": "Landscape design practice",
      "byline": "United States / United Kingdom · international practice",
      "association": "United States / United Kingdom · international practice",
      "summary": "The Diana Memorial Fountain uses topography and varied water textures to carry a continuous memorial sequence.",
      "question": "Can the texture of flow become a narrative language?",
      "workIds": [
        "diana"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "The Royal Parks · Diana Memorial Fountain",
          "url": "https://www.royalparks.org.uk/visit/parks/hyde-park/diana-memorial-fountain"
        },
        {
          "title": "Gustafson Porter + Bowman · project credits",
          "url": "https://www.gp-b.com/s/Diana_A4_PORTRAIT.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Cascades",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "year": 2004,
      "date": "Selected water works · 2004",
      "location": "United States / United Kingdom · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "zumthor",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Peter Zumthor",
      "role": "Architect",
      "byline": "Switzerland",
      "association": "Switzerland",
      "summary": "The Vals thermal baths use stone, light and enclosure to shape the experience of immersion around a local spring.",
      "question": "How can water be spatially intense without becoming a spectacle?",
      "workIds": [
        "vals"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Europe"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "7132 · Thermal baths and architecture",
          "url": "https://7132.com/en"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Modern"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Thermal & wellness"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Thermal pools",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "year": 1996,
      "date": "Selected water works · 1996",
      "location": "Switzerland",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "kuma",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Kengo Kuma & Associates",
      "role": "Architecture practice",
      "byline": "Japan · international practice",
      "association": "Japan · international practice",
      "summary": "The 2001 Ginzan communal bathhouse uses a compact site and filtered light to frame a shared bathing experience.",
      "question": "How can a screen mediate between the town and an intimate water interior?",
      "workIds": [
        "ginzan"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "East Asia"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Kengo Kuma & Associates · Ginzan bathhouse",
          "url": "https://kkaa.co.jp/en/project/ginzan-onsen-hot-spring-bath-house/"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Thermal & wellness",
        "Bathing & ritual"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Thermal pools",
        "Still water"
      ],
      "year": 2001,
      "date": "Selected water works · 2001",
      "location": "Japan · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "del-sol",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Germán del Sol",
      "role": "Architect",
      "byline": "Chile",
      "association": "Chile",
      "summary": "Termas Geométricas combines a clearly built walking route with pools and hot-water distribution within a forested ravine.",
      "question": "How can architecture make a natural water setting easier to read without imitating it?",
      "workIds": [
        "geometricas"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Americas"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Germán del Sol · Termas Geométricas",
          "url": "https://www.germandelsol.cl/memtg.htm"
        },
        {
          "title": "Germán del Sol · project team",
          "url": "https://www.germandelsol.cl/fichatermasgeometricas.htm"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Thermal & wellness",
        "Gardens & landscape"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Thermal pools",
        "Cascades"
      ],
      "year": 2004,
      "date": "Selected water works · 2001–2004 project",
      "location": "Chile",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "teamlab",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "teamLab",
      "role": "Art collective",
      "byline": "Japan · international practice",
      "association": "Japan · international practice",
      "summary": "The selected water-surface work connects real immersion with responsive digital imagery, distinguishing actual water from simulated behaviour.",
      "question": "What does physical water contribute that a projection alone cannot?",
      "workIds": [
        "koi-people"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "East Asia"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "teamLab · artwork documentation",
          "url": "https://www.teamlab.art/jp/w/koi_and_people/"
        },
        {
          "title": "teamLab Planets · water-area access information",
          "url": "https://teamlabplanet.org/en/help"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Play & public space"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Still water"
      ],
      "year": null,
      "date": "Selected water work · contemporary Planets presentation",
      "location": "Japan · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "wet",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "WET",
      "role": "Water-design & engineering practice",
      "byline": "United States · international practice",
      "association": "United States · international practice",
      "summary": "The Jewel Rain Vortex integrates a large falling-water event with an architectural oculus and garden environment.",
      "question": "How can collection and recirculation become part of an architectural section?",
      "workIds": [
        "jewel"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "Americas",
        "South & Southeast Asia"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "WET · Jewel Rain Vortex",
          "url": "https://prod.wetdesign.com/creations/jewel-rain-vortex-at-changi-airport"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Gardens & landscape",
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Cascades"
      ],
      "year": 2019,
      "date": "Selected water works · 2019",
      "location": "United States · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "kapoor",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Anish Kapoor",
      "role": "Sculptor",
      "byline": "India / United Kingdom · international practice",
      "association": "India / United Kingdom · international practice",
      "summary": "Descension explores the sculptural potential of moving water through a powerful vortex that appears to draw the surface into the ground.",
      "question": "How can fluid motion create a convincing sense of negative space?",
      "workIds": [
        "descension"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "South & Southeast Asia",
        "Europe",
        "Americas"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Public Art Fund · Anish Kapoor: Descension",
          "url": "https://www.publicartfund.org/exhibitions/view/anish-kapoor-descension/"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Vortex"
      ],
      "year": 2017,
      "date": "Selected water work · 2017 Brooklyn presentation",
      "location": "India / United Kingdom · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "ohtake",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Shinro Ohtake",
      "role": "Artist",
      "byline": "Japan · international practice",
      "association": "Japan · international practice",
      "summary": "Naoshima Bath applies his artistic language across a functioning bathhouse, from bathing tubs to mosaics and fittings.",
      "question": "How can an everyday communal activity become a way of experiencing an artwork?",
      "workIds": [
        "naoshima-bath"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "East Asia"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Benesse Art Site Naoshima · Naoshima Bath",
          "url": "https://benesse-artsite.jp/en/art/naoshimasento.html"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form",
        "Bathing & ritual"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Still water"
      ],
      "year": 2009,
      "date": "Selected water work · 2009",
      "location": "Japan · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "cai",
      "kind": "person",
      "name": "Cai Guo-Qiang",
      "role": "Artist",
      "byline": "China · international practice",
      "association": "China · international practice",
      "summary": "The QAGOMA commission Heritage uses a waterhole and a subtle drip to bring a large sculptural gathering into a shared scene.",
      "question": "How can still water carry both an image of harmony and an open question about coexistence?",
      "workIds": [
        "heritage"
      ],
      "regions": [
        "East Asia",
        "Oceania"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "QAGOMA · Commissioning Heritage",
          "url": "https://www.qagoma.qld.gov.au/stories/commissioning-heritage-an-installation-by-cai-guo-qiang/"
        }
      ],
      "periods": [
        "Contemporary"
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Sculpture & form"
      ],
      "forms": [
        "Still water"
      ],
      "year": 2013,
      "date": "Selected water work · 2013",
      "location": "China · international practice",
      "country": "Practice / affiliation",
      "experience": "Selected practice"
    }
  ]
}